CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES IN ART AND DESIGN

     
                             19TH CENTURY

Prehistory -  In the history of art, prehistoric art is all art produced in preliterate, prehistorical cultures beginning somewhere in very late geological history, and generally continuing until that culture either develops writing or other methods of record-keeping, or makes significant contact with another culture that has, and that makes some record of major historical events. 

                                                  References - WIKIPEDIA 

Greek Civilization - Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to c. 5th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. 600 AD). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era.

       The arts of ancient Greece have exercised considerable influence on the culture of many countries all over the world, particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture.

         The art of Ancient Greece is usually divided stylistically into four periods: the Geometric, the Archaic, the Classical and the Hellenistic. 

                 The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena, located on the Acropolis in Athens, is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks.  

                                                                          References - WIKIPEDIA

Roman Civilization - The Roman Empire was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. 400 AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD. The imperial successor to the republic lasted approximately 1,500 years. The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a fifty-year period. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC. Then, it was an "empire" long before it had an emperor. 

                                   The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time of Trajan's death

                                        

Renaissance - Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance, emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music and science. Renaissance art, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge. 

                                  

                                          Titian, Sacred and Profane Love, c. 1513 – 1514  

                                                                    References - WIKIPEDIA

Alexander the Great - Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great was a king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. 
            During his youth, Alexander was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle until the age of 16. At the age of 20, Alexander assembled forces in Greek Cities in Cornith that recognised him as their leader.
             In 333 BC Alexander advanced south from Cilicia into Syria, after defeating the Persians at the River Granicus, he defeated Darius III at Issus.

References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great

http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Alexander/

10 Key Art Movement's Name Of 19th Century

• Post - Impressions
• Impressionism
• Realism
• Romanticism
• Expressionism
• Pointalism
• Symbolism
• Art & Craft Movement
• Art Nouveau
• Neo Classicism

Characteristics Of Any 5 Movements

a)   Realism

• Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution.
• Realism as an art movement was led by Courbet in France.
• Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization.
• Realism is broadly considered the beginning of modern art.
• Realism was the first explicitly, art-institutional, non-conformist art movement.

   Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

                    
                             References - WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)

b) Romanticism

• Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century western Europe and gained during the Industrial Revolution.
• It embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music and literature but had a major impact on historiography.
• It elevated folk art, nature and custom, as well as arguing for an epistemology based on nature, which included human activity conditioned by nature in the form of language, custom and usage.
• Characteristics: Despite the early efforts of pioneers like Adom Elsheimer (1578-1610) and Claude Lorrain (1604-82).
• The European Romantic movement reached America in the early 19th century.

                                                            Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog
       
                                    References- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism,
                                  http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Romanticism.


c)  Impressionism

  

• Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.
• Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
• The Impressionists faced harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. 
• The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music and impressionist literature.
• In the early 1860s, four young painters—Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille—met while studying under the academic artist Charles Gleyre. They discovered that they shared an interest in painting landscape and contemporary life rather than historical or mythological scenes.

  Alfred Sisley, View of the Saint-Martin Canal, Paris, 1870, Musée d'Orsay

                                                                                  References - WIKIPEDIA

d)   Art & Craft Movement

• The Arts and Crafts movement was an international movement in the decorative and fine arts that began in Britain and flourished in Europe and North America between 1880 and 1910, emerging in Japan in the 1920s.
• The term was first used by T. J. Cobden-Sanderson at a meeting of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society in 1887.
• The Arts and Crafts Movement was a rebellion of substance as well as style. Its power came from the conviction that art and craft could change people's lives.
• The term Arts and Crafts does not define an artistic style such as Art Nouveau or Art Deco, the term refers more to a set of principles and attitudes in the mind of the artist or craftsman which involve not only art but also society and the interaction between the two.
• William Morris was a leading member of the Arts and Crafts Movement. He is best known for his pattern designs, particularly on fabrics and wallpapers.

       William Morris, The Arts & Craft Movement  

                                                                                                                                       

                                                                 

                           References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement,

                                         http://www.culture24.org.uk/places-to-gmidlands/birmingham/tra24334,

                                         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement,
                                         http://www.artscrafts.org.uk/roots/ideas.html

e)  Art Nouveau

• Art Nouveau was a movement that swept through the decorative arts and architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 
• Art Nouveau was aimed at modernizing design, seeking to escape the eclectic historical styles that had previously been popular.
• Many Art Nouveau designers felt that 19th century design had been excessively ornamental, and in wishing to avoid what they perceived as frivolous decoration, they evolved a belief that the function of an object should dictate its form.
• The practitioners of Art Nouveau sought to revive good workmanship, raise the status of craft, and produce genuinely modern design.
• The academic system, which dominated art education from the 17th to the 19th century, underpinned the widespread belief that media such as painting and sculpture were superior to crafts such as furniture design and silver-smithing.

                                                                     

                                                           Art Nouveau sculpture, detail of facade in Metz, France     

                                        
   References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau,

                  http://www.theartstory.org/movement-art-nouveau.htm

Artists of Artworks of Any 3 Movements

Claude Monet 

Oscar-Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term "Impressionism" is derived from the title of his painting Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which was exhibited in 1874 in the first of the independent exhibitions mounted by Monet and his associates as an alternative to the Salon de Paris.

In 1893, Monet, a passionate horticulturist, purchased land with a pond near his property in Giverny, intending to build something "for the pleasure of the eye and also for motifs to paint." The result was his water-lily garden. In 1899, he began a series of eighteen views of the wooden footbridge over the pond, completing twelve paintings, including the present one, that summer. The vertical format of the picture, unusual in this series, gives prominence to the water lilies and their reflections on the pond.

              References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet
                              http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437127


Gustave Courbet

Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists. His independence set an example that was important to later artists, such as the Impressionists and the Cubists.


 

Many of Courbet’s early paintings from the 1840’s are self-portraits, such as this one. As he had yet to truly develop his realistic painting style, many of these self-portraits are Romantic in style, illustrating the smooth lines and perfection of form of the Romantic school of painting. As a method of self-promotion and advertisement, Courbet made an impression with his self-portraits, and used them to find his own artistic style. After this period, Courbet became convinced that painters should illustrate the world around them as they see it and his realistic work in the later 1840’s gained support among younger realist and neo-romantic painters.

        References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Courbet
                         https://www.wikiart.org/en/gustave-courbet/the-desperate-man-self-portrait-1845

Eugène Delacroix



Eugène Delacroix, in full Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix (born April 26, 1798, Charenton-Saint-Maurice, France—died August 13, 1863, Paris) the greatest French Romantic painter, whose use of colour was influential in the development of both Impressionist and Post-Impressionist painting. His inspiration came chiefly from historical or contemporary events or literature, and a visit to Morocco in 1832 provided him with further exotic subjects.

Women of Algiers in their Apartment (French: Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement) is the title of two oil on canvas paintings by the French Orientalist painter Eugène Delacroix.  Delacroix's first version of Women of Algiers was painted in Paris in 1834 and is located in the Louvre, Paris, France. The second work, painted fifteen years later between 1847 and 1849, is located at the Musee Fabre, Montpellier, France. The two works both depict the same scene of four women together in an enclosed room. Despite the similar setting, the two paintings evoke completely different moods through the depiction of the women. Delacroix's earlier 1834 work captures the separation between the women and the viewer. The second painting instead invites the viewer into the scene through the warm inviting gaze of the woman.

                References - https://global.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-Delacroix

                                    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Algiers

EMPHASIS ON ANY PARTICULAR ART MOVEMENT

REALISM

Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement. Realism as an art movement was led by Courbet in France. It spread across Europe and was influential for the rest of the century and beyond, but as it became adopted into the mainstream of painting it becomes less common and useful as a term to define artistic style.

Realism is broadly considered the beginning of modern art. Literally, this is due to its conviction that everyday life and the modern world were suitable subjects for art. Philosophically, Realism embraced the progressive aims of modernism, seeking new truths through the reexamination and overturning of traditional systems of values and beliefs.

Realism concerned itself with how life was structured socially, economically, politically, and culturally in the mid-nineteenth century. This led to unflinching, sometimes "ugly" portrayals of life's unpleasant moments and the use of dark, earthy palettes that confronted high art's ultimate ideals of beauty.

1. Realist paintings depict the harsh, everyday reality of ordinary people from the middle and lower classes of society, for example, The Gleaners by Jean-François Millet.  

2. Realism is a sympathetic portrayal of poor, urban and rural workers in bent postures, struggling with their hard, manual labor, for example, The Stone Breakers by Gustave Courbet.

                                                       

 3. The bleak paintings feature a palette of dark colors to emphasize the plight of workers. The subjects are shown serious-looking and humble – there’s never a cheerful sentiment – for example, Third Class Carriage by Honoré Daumier.

 Realism in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of life forms, perspective, and the details of light and colour. 

 I have emphasized on this movement because Realism because the artists has brought out the genre scenes of rural and urban working class life, scenes of street-life, cafes and night clubs, as well as increasing frankness in the treatment of the body, nudity and sensual subjects through their paintings.

References -   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)

                      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)

                     http://www.theartstory.org/movement-realism.htm

               http://www.identifythisart.com/art-movements-styles/pre-modern-art/realism-art-movement/

EMPHASIS ON ANY PARTICULAR ARTIST

Vincent van Gogh

  "I put my heart and soul into my work, and have lost my mind in the process" - Van Gogh

Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold, symbolic colours, and dramatic, impulsive and highly expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art.
        His first theme focused on learning. Initially, he worked on learning different styles of painting and creating artwork. It was a time when he was experimenting and practicing so that he would improve his artistic skills. 

             Van Gogh's early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, contain few signs of the vivid colour that distinguished his later work. In 1886 he moved to Paris and discovered the French Impressionists. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and local landscapes. His paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. He lived there in the Yellow House and, with the French artist Paul Gauguin, developed a concept of colour that symbolised inner emotion. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include olive trees, cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers.

  Van Gogh's unstable personal temperament became synonymous with the romantic image of the tortured artist. His self-destructive talent was echoed in the lives of many artists in the twentieth century.

Masterpieces of Vincent van Gogh

                                               

                                                              The Starry Night

                                                
                                                             
                                                                     Cafe at Night

                                              

                                               The Starry Night over the Rhone

I have emphasized on this artist because the positive impact on emotional expression and color combinations, Van Gogh  has related  the optical freedom that is available. Van Gogh did not necessarily give objects the exact shape that they have in reality. He often distorted the image to create a feeling that was unique. 

 Van Gogh's paintings are often studied for the vivid colors and unique brushstrokes, and his artwork has had a strong influence on modern art and current artistic styles. There are aspects and themes that set Van Gogh's artwork apart.

         References -  http://www.vangogh.net/

                               http://www.theartstory.org/artist-van-gogh-vincent.htm

                              https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh

GROUP WORKING IMAGES OF 19TH CENTURY

                                            

                                  While working on 19th Century Art Movement "POSTER"

                                      
                                  The Final Poster

20th Century

Introduction - The 20th century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s (sometimes written as 19XX), which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. 

The 20th Century was dominated by chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era:

 Key Art Movement's Name Of 20th Century

1.   Symbolism 
2.   Divisionism
3.   Fauvism
4.   Cubism
5.   Futurism
6.   Orphism
7.   Purism
8.   Surrealism
9.   Suprematism
10.   Bauhaus
11.   Dadaism
12.   De Stijl
13.   Social Realism
14.   Abstract Expressionism
15.   Tachisme
16.    Fluxus
17.   Art Deco
18.   Pop Art
19.  Minimalism
20. Constructivism

                                              References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_art

                 
                       Characteristics Of Any 5 Movements



a) Surrealism

• Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. 
• A movement in art and literature in the 1920s, which developed esp from Dada, Chura characterized by the evocative juxta position of incongruous images in order to include unconscious and dream element.
• Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact.
• The movement in the mid-1920s was characterized by meetings in cafes where the Surrealists played collaborative drawing games, discussed the theories of Surrealism, and developed a variety of techniques such as automatic drawing.
• Soon more visual artists became involved, including Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Francis Picabia, Yves Tanguy, Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel, Alberto Giacometti, Valentine Hugo, Méret Oppenheim, Toyen, Kansuke Yamamoto and later after the second war: Enrico Donati. 
• In 1924, Miró and Masson applied Surrealism to painting. The first Surrealist exhibition, La Peinture Surrealiste, was held at Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. 
• The word 'surrealist' was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917.

                                            

                          Swans Reflecting Elephants is a painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí.

                               
References - http://www.theartstory.org/movement-surrealism.htm,

                 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism

Salvador Dalí

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí de Pubol (11 May 1904 – 23 January 1989), known as Salvador Dalí was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain.
         Dalí was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters. His best-known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in August 1931.
      Dalí's expansive artistic repertoire included film, sculpture, and photography, in collaboration with a range of artists in a variety of media.

                             References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD



b)  Fauvism

• Fauvism, the first twentieth-century movement in modern art, was initially inspired by the examples of Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Paul Cézanne. 
• The Fauves ("wild beasts") were a loosely allied group of French painters with shared interests. Several of them, including Henri Matisse, Albert Marquet, and Georges Rouault, had been pupils of the Symbolist artist Gustave Moreau and admired the older artist's emphasis on personal expression. 
•  Matisse emerged as the leader of the group, whose members shared the use of intense color as a vehicle for describing light and space, and who redefined pure color and form as means of communicating the artist's emotional state.
• The paintings of the Fauves were characterized by seemingly wild brush work and strident colors, while their subject matter had a high degree of simplification and abstraction.
• Another of Fauvism's central artistic concerns was the overall balance of the composition. 
• The Fauves' simplified forms and saturated colors drew attention to the inherent flatness of the canvas or paper.
• Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued for a few years beyond 1910.

     Henri Matisse Paintings 1910-1918

          Music is a painting made by Henri Matisse in 1910

                               References - http://www.theartstory.org/movement-fauvism.htm

                                                           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism

Henri Matisse

Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter.

  Matisse is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts throughout the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.

     His mastery of the expressive language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.

     By the 1920s he was increasingly hailed as an upholder of the classical tradition in French painting. He was initially labelled a Fauve (wild beast).

References- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse,
            https://www.google.com.bd/search?q=by+the+1920s+henri+matisse+(he)+was+increasingly


c)  Cubism

• Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. 
• Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris,during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s.
• The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Andre Lhote, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris.
• Cubists explored open form, piercing figures and objects by letting the space flow through them, blending background into foreground, and showing objects from various angles.
• The movement was conceived as ‘a new way of representing the world’, and assimilated outside influences, such as African art, as well as new theories on the nature of reality, such as Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.
• Cubism is often divided into two phases – the Analytic phase (1907-12), and the Synthetic phase (1913 through the 1920s). The initial phase attempted to show objects as the mind, not the eye, perceives them.
• Cubism was a truly revolutionary style of modern art developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braques. The Cubists challenged conventional forms of representation, such as perspective, which had been the rule since the Renaissance.
• Unlike traditional still-lifes, landscapes, or portrait paintings, Cubist paintings aren’t meant to be realistic or life-like in any way.

                                                             

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907, considered to be a major step towards the founding of the Cubist movement.

References - http://www.theartstory.org/movement-cubism.htm,

                    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism,

                http://www.artmovements.co.uk/cubism.htm,

        http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/cubism http://emptyeasel.com/2007/10/17/what-is-cubism-an-introduction-to-the-cubist-art-movement-and-cubist-painters/

Pablo Picasso

           Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso also known as Pablo Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Regarded as one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore.

         Picasso, Henri Matisse and Marcel Duchamp are regarded as the three artists who most defined the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th century.

     Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas.

Most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1904–1906), the African-influenced Period (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919), also referred to as the Crystal period.

                                    References -   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso


d) Pop-Art 

• Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and the late 1950s in the United States.
• Among the early artists that shaped the pop art movement were Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton in Britain, and Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns in the United States.
• Pop art is an artistic movement that marked an era from its birth during the middle of the last century. The term pop art was created by Lawrence Alloway, a British art conservator that wanted to describe a new kind of art that came from popular culture. 
• Pop art is widely interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism, as well as an expansion of those ideas.[3] Due to its utilization of found objects and images, it is similar to Dada. 
• Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art, or are some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.
• Pop art was mainly seen in consumer products and advertising, making it highly reachable for everyone. It is mainly characterized for its simple and everyday images as well as its use of block colours, but it has other features.

 Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl, 1963,

References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art, 

          http://education.onehowto.com/article/what-are-the-key-characteristics-of-pop-art-2507.html


e) Fluxus

• Fluxus is an international and interdisciplinary network or movement of artists, composers, designers and poets that took shape in the 1960s and 1970s, noted for experimental contributions to different artistic media and disciplines. 
• Many Fluxus artists share an anti-commercial and anti-art sensibility. Fluxus is sometimes described as intermedia. 
• In 1964, Fluxus artists, poet, and publisher Dick Higgins identified and named the category of intermedia to explain new synthesis of two or more unrelated media or disciplines. 
• Another influence was the readymades of Marcel Duchamp (1916-c.1922). George Maciunas, the self-proclaimed in 1961 to title a proposed magazine. 
• In terms of an artistic approach, Fluxus artists preferred to work with whatever materials were at hand, and either created their own work or collaborated in the creation process with their colleagues.

                                                  

Flux Year Box 2, c.1967, a Flux box edited and produced by George Maciunas, containing works by many early Fluxus artists.                
                         
                            References - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus

Artists of Artworks of Any 3 Movements

1. Salvador Dali

                           
 Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí de Pubol, known as Salvador Dalí, was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain.




The Persistence of Memory is a 1931 painting by artist Salvador Dalí, and is one of his most recognizable works. The well-known piece introduced the image of the soft melting pocket watch. It epitomizes Dalí's theory of "softness" and "hardness", which was central to his thinking at the time. As Dawn Ades wrote, "The soft watches are an unconscious symbol of the relativity of space and time, a Surrealist meditation on the collapse of our notions of a fixed cosmic order".This interpretation suggests that Dalí was incorporating an understanding of the world introduced by Albert Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity. Asked by Ilya Prigogine whether this was in fact the case, Dalí replied that the soft watches were not inspired by the theory of relativity, but by the surrealist perception of a Camembert melting in the sun.

                                      References - WIKIPEDIA

2. Henri Matisse
   
 Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter.

 

Woman with a Hat  is a painting by Henri Matisse. An oil on canvas, it depicts Matisse's wife, Amelie. It was painted in 1905 and exhibited at the Salon d'Automne during the fall of the same year, along with works by André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck and several other artists known as "Fauves". Woman with a Hat was at the center of the controversy that led to the term Fauvism.

                                             References - WIKIPEDIA  

3. Pablo Picasso

        
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Regarded as one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement.



Guernica is a mural-sized oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso completed in June 1937. The painting, which uses a palette of gray, black, and white, is regarded by many art critics as one of the most moving and powerful anti-war paintings in history. Standing at 3.49 metres (11 ft 5 in) tall and 7.76 metres (25 ft 6 in) wide, the large mural shows the suffering of people wrenched by violence and chaos.

                                                 References - WIKIPEDIA

EMPHASIS ON ANY PARTICULAR ART MOVEMENT

 FAUVISM

Fauvism, the first twentieth-century movement in modern art, was initially inspired by the examples of Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Paul Cézanne. The Fauves ("wild beasts") were a loosely allied group of French painters with shared interests. Several of them, including Henri Matisse, Albert Marquet, and Georges Rouault, had been pupils of the Symbolist artist Gustave Moreau and admired the older artist's emphasis on personal expression.

 Primarily a transitional movement, Fauvism came about as the art world shifted from the Post-Impressionism of Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Gauguin to the Cubism of Braque and Picasso.

Led by Henri Matisse, this group of painters often used vivid colors—without much mixing or blending—to create flat shapes in their paintings while still being representational.

1.  The most famous painting from the Fauvism movement, however, is probably Matisse’sGreen Stripe

In this portrait of his wife, Matisse used solid colors throughout, and depended entirely upon the intensity of his colors to create depth and shape.Thick black lines and rough brush strokes completed the image. Although it isn’t necessarily a flattering portrait, Matisse did exactly what he intended to, creating a stylistic and primitive painting that deliberately celebrated the use of color.

2. Mountains at Collioure by André Derain certainly is a little wild, and reminds me quite a bit of Van Gogh’s paintings, too.

                                                   

In the painting you can see those vivid colors and repetitive brush strokes which which gave the Fauves’ paintings a very rough, unfinished look compared to the other artwork at that time.

3. Othon Friesz’s painting, Maison, also shows a marked similarity to Cézanne’s artwork, which heavily influenced the Fauves’ use of blocky, simple shapes.

                                                   

The name, Les Fauves was actually first used as a derogatory remark about their work by French art critic Louis Vauxcelles. Les Fauves actually means “wild beasts”—it referred to Matisse and the others’ choice of colors, indicating that their work was savage and primitive.

I have emphasized on this movement because Fauvism's central artistic concerns was the overall balance of the composition. The Fauves' simplified forms and saturated colors drew attention to the inherent flatness of the canvas or paper; within that pictorial space, each element played a specific role. The immediate visual impression of the work is to be strong and unified.

References - http://emptyeasel.com/2007/04/10/the-fauvism-art-movement-wild-beasts-and-colorful-                               paintings/

                     http://www.theartstory.org/movement-fauvism.htm

                

              EMPHASIS ON ANY PARTICULAR ARTIST

                                  MARCEL DUCHAMP

Marcel Duchamp was born July 28, 1887, in France. After the sensation caused by Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912), he painted few other pictures. He became famous for his "ready-mades" and heralded an artistic revolution. Largely ignored during his lifetime, he was in his 70s when he emerged as master whose entirely new attitude toward art and society changed the future of visual arts. French artist Marcel Duchamp, associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements, broke down bo undaries between works of art and everyday objects.

Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (like Henri Matisse) as "retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to put art back in the service of the mind.

1.

                                                                 Fountain 1917

Fountain is one of Duchamp’s most famous works and is widely seen as an icon of twentieth-century art. The original, which is lost, consisted of a standard urinal, usually presented on its back for exhibition purposes rather than upright, and was signed and dated ‘R. Mutt 1917’. Tate’s work is a 1964 replica and is made from glazed earthenware painted to resemble the original porcelain. The signature is reproduced in black paint. Fountain has been seen as a quintessential example, along with Duchamp’s Bottle Rack1914, of what he called a ‘readymade’, an ordinary manufactured object designated by the artist as a work of art.

2.      

                                                     

                          Marcel Duchamp. Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912)

While Cubism set out to depict an object as if it was being viewed from various angles, Duchamp sought to represent the subject itself in motion. His Nude Descending a Staircase, No.2 created a furore when it was exhibited in New York in 1913. This was partly because no one had previously thought of a ‘nude’ doing something as prosaic as coming down stairs. Duchamp saw movement as embracing not only physical but also emotional and social change, and he made several works on the theme of the ‘passage’ from virgin to bride. Picabia’s idea of motion focused on the flux of memories and sensations, as well as physical movement. Man Ray was a member of the same New York artistic circles as Duchamp and Picabia, and became equally absorbed by the idea of movement.

I have emphasized on this artist cause it has pushed and ultimated transgressing such boundaries within the art world, Duchamp’s works reflected the artist’s sensibility. His use of irony, puns, alliteration, and paradox layered the works with humor which  tested the limits of public taste and the boundaries of artistic technique.

 References - http://www.biography.com/people/marcel-duchamp-9280070

                     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp

http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/exhibition/duchamp-man-ray-picabia/explore-exhibition/room-3-movement

http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/duchamp-fountain-t07573

BANGLADESH ART & CULTURE

Bangladesh is a melting pot of races. She, therefore, has a mixed culture. Her deep rooted heritage is amply reflected in her architecture, literature, dance, drama, music and painting. Bangladeshi culture is influenced by three great religions- Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam in successive order, with Islam having the most pervading and lasting impact. Like a colorful montage, the cultural tradition of the country is a happy blending of many variants, unique in diversity but in essence greatly symmetrical.

                 Bangladesh has a rich tradition of Art. Speciniens of ancient terracota and pottery show remarkable artistry. Modern painting was pioneered by artists like Zainul Ahedin, Qamrul Hasan. Anwarul Haque, Shafiuddin Ahnied, Shafiqul Amin, Rashid Chowdhury and S.M. Sultan. Zainul Ahedin earned worldwide fame by his stunning sketches of the Bengal Famine in 1943. 

References - http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/art-&-culture.shtm

                     http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/meetbangladesh/art.html

PIONEER ARTISTS

1.  Zainul Abedin

                                              

Abedin, Zainul (1914-1976) an artist of exceptional talent and international repute. He played a pioneering role in the modern art movement in Bangladesh that began, by all accounts, with the setting up of the Government Institute of Arts and Crafts (now Institute of Fine Arts) in 1948 in Dhaka of which he was the founding principal. He was well known for his leadership qualities in organizing artists and art activities in a place that had practically no recent history of institutional or professional art. It was through the efforts of Zainul Abedin and a few of his colleagues that a tradition of Modern Art took shape in Bangladesh just within a decade. For his artistic and visionary qualities the title of Shilpacharya has been bestowed on him.

He got himself admitted in Calcutta Government Art School in 1933 and learnt for five years the British/European academic style that the school diligently followed. In 1938, he joined the faculty of the Art School, and continued to paint in his laid-back, romantic style.

                                                                        
                                                      'Famine 1943', sketch by Zainul Abedin                          

In 1943, he drew a series of sketches on the man-made famine that had spread throughout Bengal, killing hundreds of thousands of people. Done in Chinese ink and brush on cheap packing paper, the series, known, as Famine Sketches were haunting images of cruelty and depravity of the merchants of death, and the utter helplessness of the victims.

                                                       

                                                                   'Harvest', watercolor by Zainul Abedin, 1934

                                               
                                                'Sangram' (Struggle), oil paint by Zainul Abedin, 1976

In 1975, Zainul Abedin set up a folk museum at sonargaon, and a gallery in Mymensingh (shilpacharya zainul abedin museum) to house some of his works. He became actively involved in a movement to preserve the heritage of Bengal, and reorient Bengal art to the roots of Bengali culture, as he felt the futility of unimaginative copying of western techniques and styles that modern art somehow inspired in a section of the local artists. His health began to deteriorate however, as he developed lung cancer. He died on 28 May 1976 in Dhaka.

              References - http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Abedin,_Zainul

2. SM, Sultan

                               

Sultan, SM (1923-1994) a renowned painter. His full name was Sheikh Mohammad Sultan but he is more widely known as SM Sultan. He was born on 10 August 1923 at Masimdia, a village in Narail district. His father worked as a mason, and Sultan joined him after five years of schooling at the Victoria Collegiate School in Narail. Sultan also began to draw the buildings his father used to work on and thus developed a liking for art. Sultan knew that an art education was only possible in Calcutta. Sultan went to Calcutta in 1938.Sultan however did not complete his education. After three years in the school, he left and chose to work as a freelance artist.

                                  

                                             "Chardakhal", Oil painting on board, 1976 by SM Sultan 

On first looking at SM Sultan's paintings, one gets the impression of vastness and strength. His canvas is large, like a spacious stage where life's dramas are played out. The cast of the drama consists of agricultural labourers, fishermen, simple householders, and toiling men and women. The men pose an enigma, since their large muscular and sinewy bodies contrast oddly with the emaciated physique of real life farmers and fishermen wasted by hard labour and hunger. Yet, in painting after painting, mostly in oil, but some in striking watercolours, Sultan painted the same human figures, symbolically suggesting the possibility of a dream rather than reality. Sultan believed in an arcadia where happiness and contentment would reign, yet was acutely aware of the exploitation, violence and deprivation that were the daily fare of the life of the villagers.

   
   Private collection SM Sultan, Coiffure oil on canvas, 1987 

Sultan's watercolors are bright and lively, but treat the same theme - nature and rural life. They contrast sharply with the often drab and flat oils painted in deep colours. Sultan tended to work heavily all over his canvas without living any empty space. His drawings, however, are masterful in their economy and compactness. The lines are powerful and full blown. In his later works though, the composition is less tight and focused, perhaps a sign that Sultan was growing a little impatient with the reality of his time.

 References - http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sultan,_SM

3. Quamrul Hassan

The Flag of Bangladesh

The national flag of Bangladesh is bottle green in color and rectangular in size with the length to width ratio of 10:6. It bears a red circle on the background of green. The color in the background represents the greenery of Bangladesh while the red circle symbolizes the rising sun and the sacrifice of lives in our freedom fight. The national flag was designed by Kamrul Hasan.

                                               

Hassan, Quamrul (1921-1988) artist, was born on 2 December 1921 in Kolkata, where his father, Muhammad Hashim, was superintendent of the Tinjala Graveyard. His paternal residence was in Narenga village in the Burdwan district of West Bengal. Quamrul Hassan studied at Calcutta Model ME School (1930-1935) and Calcutta Madrasa (1936-1937). He graduated in Fine Arts from the Government Institute of Arts (presently, College of Arts and Crafts, Kolkata) in 1947. During his student life, Quamrul Hassan was also involved with Boy Scouts. After partition, Quamrul Hassan came to dhaka and, in collaboration with Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin, established the Government Institute of Fine Arts (at present, the Institute of Fine Arts) in 1948. He taught at the same institute till 1960. In 1950, Quamrul Hassan organised the Art Group in Dhaka.

                                                       

                                      Three Women, Oil painting,1983, Quamrul Hassan

Quamrul Hassan was a constant painter. Hassan’s subjects range from colourful pictures depicting a pristine, rural Bengal to a politically corrupt, degenerate one. His portraits and sketches of men and women, animals, birds, snakes etc. reflect the traditional rural society of Bengal and its natural beauty. Sometimes, like folk artists, he applied flat colors without creating tonal variations. However, he has attempted to create color perspective by using various colors in one plane, so that a sense of height, distance can be created in the image. This technique was inspired from Henri Matisse. He also worked with woodcuts, specially after the famine of 1974, works that expressed his rage and anger.

                      Quamrul Hassan combined popular and modern methods in his paintings and thus came to be known as 'Patua Quamrul Hassan'. Solo exhibitions of his paintings were held in Dhaka (1955, 1964, 1973, 1975, 1991, 1995), Rangoon (1975), Rawalpindi (1969) and London (1979).

        References - http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hassan,_Quamrul
          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quamrul_Hassan

4. Rashid Choudhury

                                                          

Chaudhury, Rashid (1932-1986) artist, was born on 1 April 1932 in the village of Ratandiya, faridpur, son of Khan Bahadur Yusuf Hossain Chaudhury. Rashid Chaudhury studied at the Government Arts and Crafts College of Dhaka (1950-54), and joined the college as a teacher. He went to Madrid on a scholarship and studied at the Central Escuela des Belles Artes de San Fernando, where he came in contact with western art. For a year (1956-57), he studied classical portrait drawing and sculpture. He worked with  artists Marc Chagall and Jean Lurcat. While these western artists influenced Rashid, his Bengali heritage led him to explore the possibilities of jute in art. Working initially with jute and cotton, and then with jute, cotton and silk, he transformed the traditional loom to produce a sophisticated tapestry of very high quality.

                                                       

                                                     

                                              

Chowdhury proved his distinctiveness -- particularly in terms of design and colour composition. The thickness of colours, various geometric compositions and aestheticism characterise his works. The artist used azure, white, black, crimson, green, brown and more. He was deeply inspired by varied organic forms, like vegetation, flowers and plants. Chowdhury made a great attempt to present synchronisation of colours in his works. He used colours with vivid splendour to give a distinct message through his works, which for many years impressed art aficionados both at home and abroad.

             Chowdhury received the first prize on fresco painting in Beaux Arts in Paris (1962) and first prize in RCD Biennale in Tehran (1967). He also received Ekushey Padak and the Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy Award.

References -http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chaudhury,_Rashid
                   http://www.thedailystar.net/news/rashid-chowdhury-a-pioneering-tapestry-artist

4. Novera Ahmed

                                                            

                               The first Shaheed Minar, built on February 23, 1952.

Novera Ahmed, a highly talented, audacious and somewhat enigmatic pioneer sculptor of Bangladesh who is credited with the original design of the Shaheed Minar, a historical memorial monument for the martyrs of the language movement of 1952.

                                             Shaheed Minar of Dhaka, as rebuilt in 1972

                                                   

Ahmed jointly worked with Hamidur Rahman (  Bangladeshi artist and sculptor. He is best known as the architect of the Shaheed Minar) on the original design of the Shaheed Minar, Dhaka. During 1956-1960, she had done about 100 sculptures in Dhaka. Out of her 100 sculptures, 33 sculptures are currently in Bangladesh National Museum. Ahmed's first exhibition was held in University of Dhaka in 1960. Another exhibition of her works was held in Lahore in 1961. Her last exhibition was also held in Paris in July 1973.

                   

                                                  

                                            

One of the sculptures of Novera Ahmed that has been preserved by the Bangladesh National Museum.

 References - http://www.banglagallery.com/bangladesh/na.php
                      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novera_Ahmed

ESSAY/RESEARCH ON SECONDARY RESOURCE

JAR OF FLOWERS

Introduction:

Jamdani, a word came from Persian language, is a combination of the words ‘Jam’ and ‘Dani’ meaning “flower” and “Jar” respectively that means- Jar of Flowers. Basically this is a saree weaving technique. This weave done by hand loom on brocade is a really time consuming process and is a blend of figures and floral motifs. Jamdani also known as muslin cloth has a weave of the typical gray and white, and sometimes a mixture of cotton and gold thread.

  

Traditional blue Jamdani

Origin:

The earliest mention of the origin of jamdani and its development as an industry was found in Kautilya’s book of economics (about 300 AD) where it is stated that this fine cloth used to be made in Bengal and Pundra. Jamdani is also mentioned in the book of Periplus of the Eritrean Sea and in the accounts of Arab, Chinese and Italian travelers. Alexander the Great in 327 B.C. mentioned “beautiful printed cottons”. In the 14^th century, Ibn Batuta profusely praised the quality of cotton textiles of Sonargaon. Towards the end of the 16^th century the English traveler Ralph Fitch and historian Abul Fazl also praised the muslin made at Sonargaon.

History:

Jamdani a fine cloth of Muslin group. Muslin a brand name of pre-colonial Bengal textile, especially of Dhaka origins. Muslin was manufactured in the city of Dhaka and in some surrounding stations, by local skill with locally produced cotton and attained world-wide fame as the Dhaka Muslin. The origin of the word Muslin is obscure; some say that the word was derived from Mosul, an old trade centre in Iraq, while others think that Muslin was connected with Musulipattam, sometime headquarters of European trading companies in southern India.

                                                     

                                                          Weaving of muslin

                                                 

                                                                                                   

                                                   A Gown made by Muslin fabric      

                                           

                                 A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin, 18th century

                                                                                                

                                   Marie Antoinette in her famous "muslin" portrait, 1783

Jamdani is a hand loom woven fabric made of cotton, which historically was referred to as muslin. Jamdani weaving tradition is of Bengali origin. It is one of the most time and labor-intensive forms of hand loom weaving. It is undoubtedly one of the varieties of finest muslin.

                                                    

Weaving Technique for Jamdani:

Jamdani is a vividly patterned, sheer cotton fabric, traditionally woven on a handloom by craftspeople and apprentices around Dhaka. Jamdani textiles combine intricacy of design with muted or vibrant colours, and the finished garments are highly breathable. Jamdani is a time-consuming and labour-intensive form of weaving because of the richness of its motifs, which are created directly on the loom using the discontinuous weft technique. Weaving is thriving today due to the fabric’s popularity for making saris, the principal dress of Bengali women at home and abroad. The Jamdani sari is a symbol of identity, dignity and self-recognition and provides wearers with a sense of cultural identity and social cohesion. The weavers develop an occupational identity and take great pride in their heritage; they enjoy social recognition and are highly respected for their skills. A few master weavers are recognized as bearers of the traditional Jamdani motifs and weaving techniques, and transmit the knowledge and skills to disciples. However, Jamdani weaving is principally transmitted by parents to children in home workshops. Weavers – together with spinners, dyers, loom-dressers and practitioners of a number of other supporting crafts – form a closely knit community with a strong sense of unity, identity and continuity.

                              

                                                    

                                            

                                                     Jamdani weaving, Narayanganj              

Varieties of Work for Jamdani:

There are at least six varieties of Jamdani sarees. They are Dhakai jamdani, Tangail jamdani, Shantipur jamdani, Dhaniakhali jamdani, Begumpur jamdani, Silk jamdani and so on. The main peculiarity of jamdani work is the geometric design. The expert weavers do not need to draw the design on paper. They do it from their memory. Jamdanis have different names according to their designs. For instance, Panna Hajar,

  

•  A jamdani with small flowers diapered on the fabric is known as 'butidar'.
•    If these flowers are arranged in reclined position it is called 'tersa' jamdani.
•    It is not necessary that these designs are made of flowers only. There can be designs with peacocks     and leaves of creepers. If such designs cover the entire field of the saree, it is called 'jalar naksha'.
•   If the field is covered with rows of flowers, it is known as 'fulwar jamdani'.
•   'Duria  jamdani' has design of spots all over.
•   'Belwari jamdani' with colorful golden borders used to be made during the mughal period, especially      for the women of the inner court.

                              

                            

                                                             

                               

                                 

                             

                        

                                                                                                                    

Global Market for Jamdani:

The demand for Jamdani sarees has spread worldwide. Not only in Bangladesh, women from all around the world loved to wear this saree. Looms constitute the biggest cottage industry of India, engaging millions of looms in weaving the traditional beauty of the country’s heritage in cotton, silk, and other natural fibres. One can hardly see a village in Bengal, where weavers do not exist. The region in and around Dhaka is famous for this wonder fabric. This exquisitely woven delicate cotton muslin fabric is admired to be one of the best among the skilled craftsmen of South Asia. Due to the skills and dexterity involved in the making of this fabric, generally, they are of high price. Despite its expensive price tags, demand for this fabric never declines. From the middle of the 19th century, there was a gradual decline in the jamdani industry. A number of factors contributed to this decline. The subsequent import of lower quality, but cheaper yarn from Europe, started the decline. Most importantly, the decline of Mughal power in India, deprived the producers of jamdani of their most influential patrons. Villages like Madhurapur and Jangalbari,(both in the Kishoreganj district), once famous for the jamdani industry went into gradual oblivion.

         

Conclusion:

The art of making jamdani designs on fine fabric reached its zenith during Mughal rule. There were handlooms in almost all villages of Dhaka district. Dhaka, Sonargaon, Dhamrai, Titabari, Jangalbari and Bajitpur were famous place for making superior quality jamdani and muslin. It has been spoken of as the most artistic textile of the Bangladeshi weaver. Traditionally woven around Dhaka and created on the loom brocade, jamdani is fabulously rich in motifs. Jamdani has never gone out of style. Even today, Jamdani is equally valued It has and it always will symbolize aristocracy. The demand for quality Jamdani Sarees have increased exponentially over the years. Thankfully, the government and other organizations are trying to revive the old glory of Dhakai Jamdani. In a bid to avoid the middlemen, they are trying to establish direct contact with the weavers. A Jamdani Palli has been established near Dhaka. Jamdani, one of the oldest forms of cottage industry in Bangladesh, was once a dying trade. Organizations like Radiant Institute of Design, Shanto-Mariam University of Creative Technology, National Institute of Design (NID) and others are helping designers create new Jamdani designs.

    References - http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jamdani
                        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamdani

                        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin

                        http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslin

                        http://blog.jamdani.com/history-of-jamdani-saree/

                        http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879

                        http://jamdani-bd.blogspot.com/2010/08/history-of-jamdani.html

REPORT WRITING ON EXHIBITION SURVEY

I had been visited to two-three places of exhibitions in Dhaka city. First of all, I had been gone to  “Charokola” fine arts. For the first time I have visited there. I was really amazed by the nature of this institute. Later, I asked to a student of “Charokola” about the exhibition; the student said an exhibition is going on inside the academy of Our Father of the Nation “Sheikh Mujibur Rahman”.  There I have seen different types of painting of our father of the nation. Some paintings has been done by ‘piece of paper”, “coloured”, “newspaper”,  eggs shells, pins and another one has been done by three-dimensions effects.

                  

           

                    

                   On my second exhibition I have been visited to “Bangladesh National Museum” for “Jamdani” exhibition. There I saw how a weaver is weaving jamdani design in muslin cloth. “I asked the person for how long are you weaving these designs in the cloth. He replied, for almost 6 weeks”.

 By seeing their patience like this I was totally astonished but again after seeing the ready sarees designs and color combinations I was totally spellbound too.

              

                        

                  

        On my third exhibition I have been visited the “Alliance Française de Dhaka” in Mirpur. A solo art exhibition was going by A.R. Rumy on “Mythical Mind”.  The time I just stepped into the exhibition room it was calm and peace environment. While surveying I have observed that he has used pens, pencils,lines, shapes and watercolors in his almost every paintings.

                       

                         

                  I have noticed that this artist Mr. A.R.Rumy, created the unreal boundaries between past, present and future. He has also showed the holistic oneness and openness into the boundaries of division, diversion and diversity. I was able to collect the catalogue from A.R.Rumy exhibition but was unable to collect catalogue from my other two exhibitions

               Therefore, it was an excellent survey from these exhibitions. I have learnt and came to know many art related things which help me in future on my further art and design subjects. I have visited those exhibitions with my classmate – Salma Akhter.

         

EVIDENCES OF JOURNAL BOOK